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- CHANGING THE GRAPH PAPER
-
- To change the background graph paper, first select Paper from the View menu.
- Then you need to respond to three prompts (more if you select Log paper):
-
- + Select type of graph paper:
- - Rectangular is the default paper
- - Trig is labeled in multiples of pi along the x axis for trig functions
- - Polar paper consists of concentric circles marking the distance r, and
- radiating lines marking the angle theta at intervals of pi/6 radians.
- - Logarithmic paper allows you to scale one or both axes logarithmically,
- so that, for instance, 0.1, 1, and 10 are equally spaced.
-
- If you select Log paper, you will also be asked to specify a base and choose
- between semi-log (y axis only) and log-log paper (both axes logarithmic). If
- you choose base 10, you will see 9 lines per decade just like real graph paper
- if there is enough space to display them (generally when less than four
- decades are shown). Otherwise, the graph paper will still be rectangular, but
- with gridlines at integer powers of the base. Note that when you switch from
- or to log paper, the graphs that are on-screen will have to be recalculated,
- since the shape of the curves is distorted when you take the logarithm.
-
- Press PgDn for more help on Graph Paper.
- CHANGING THE GRAPH PAPER, continued
-
- + Select grid detail level:
- - No grid hides the gridlines completely
- - Dots draws reference dots everywhere the gridlines would cross
- - Gridlines draws dotted lines at every one or two units across the grid
-
- + To customize the look of the axes, respond to "Select axis decorations:"
- - No axes turns off the axes (legends may still be displayed along the
- invisible axes unless you turn them off with the Legends command)
- - Plain shows the axes without any decorations
- - Arrows draws arrows on the positive end of the axes
- - Labels shows 'x' and 'y' labels at the positive ends of the axes
- - Both draws both arrows and labels on the axes
-
- CLEARING THE SCREEN
-
- Select Clear in the View menu to clear the screen. Everything will be erased
- and the grid will then be redrawn. If an error has garbled the whole screen,
- here's a hint to help regenerate it: first press ESC until the top menu bar is
- refreshed, and then use Clear to redraw the rest of the screen.
-
- Press PgDn for help on Scale.
- CHANGING THE SCALE
-
- The scale function allows you to change the scale of the graph you have on-
- screen while keeping the center of the display the same (the origin may move
- but if (2,2) is at the middle of the screen, it will stay there). The scale is
- relative to the size of the grid that is presently on the screen, so you need
- not make any comparison with the default grid. To rescale the grid, select
- Scale from the View menu. Then you must provide a "scale factor" to tell the
- program how much to change the size of the grid.
-
- Enter a positive number to zoom in, or a negative number to pan out. (In the
- Camcorder terminology, a positive number acts as a telephoto and a negative as
- a wide-angle lens.) The number of units across the screen will be divided or
- multiplied by that number accordingly. Numbers between -1 and 1, inclusive,
- are not allowed because they produce meaningless values. Decimals greater than
- 1 or less than -1 are valid though.
-
- If you enter an invalid number, you will be asked to enter the scale again. To
- abort rescaling, leave the field blank and just press enter.
-
- The program remembers the value you type in and presents it as a default the
- next time you Scale the grid. The original default is "2".
- Press PgDn for help on Range.
- ADJUSTING THE RANGE
- Graphmatica allows you to adjust the start and end of the x- and y-ranges
- independently, so as to create a perfect fit for whatever function you are
- graphing. Or, you can constrain one or more of the coordinates to produce a
- graph with a square aspect ratio without actually figuring out all of the
- values by hand.
-
- Choose the Range item from the View menu to modify the grid. To create a
- "custom" grid, estimate the top-, bottom-, left- and rightmost extremities of
- the graph, and type them in at the 4 Range prompts. The new grid may be
- somewhat expanded or compressed depending on the aspect ratio, but it will
- show the part of the graph you're interested in the best possible detail.
-
- To create a "square" grid where both x and y axis have the same scale, just
- type "auto" for any of the four coordinates and it will automatically be
- scaled properly to fit the other three. If you pick the least significant
- coordinate to AutoScale, you can match the other three exactly, framing your
- graph almost as well as a custom range, but with a more natural aspect ratio.
- If you want to show the same amount above as below the axis, type "auto" at
- both of the y-coordinate prompts and the top and bottom of the grid will be
- set to properly scaled equal and opposite values. (AutoScaling of both x-
- coordinates based on the height of the grid is not supported.)
- Press PgDn for help on changing the range of theta.
- CHANGING THE RANGE OF THETA
-
- Because the independent variable (theta) in polar coordinates is fundamentally
- different from the 'x' of Cartesian coordinates, the Cartesian x/y ranges can
- only be used to determine the size of the screen and not the domain of the
- equation graphed for polar graphs. Although the default 0 to 2pi range is the
- typical range of theta used for most graphs that go on forever (like spirals)
- and some closed graphs (like circles), other graphs cannot be completely drawn
- in this range of theta. For instance, the figure-8-shaped "r^2=64cos(2t)",
- because it is undefined where the right half is less than zero, is missing a
- couple of spots unless theta's range is extended to -2pi to 2pi. To allow the
- greatest flexibility, Graphmatica allows theta's range to be changed
- independently of all other options.
-
- To change the range, select "T range" from the View menu and enter the start
- and end of the range you want (or press enter on the blank line to keep the
- current range). You can type in any expression, even using fractions and
- functions, as long as it evaluates to a constant. In particular, although
- Graphmatica works exclusively with radians, you can enter the range in degrees
- by typing in a number times the constant 'd', which converts degrees to
- radians, as in "45d" for 45 degrees. You can also easily specify a radian
- measure as a multiple of pi, as in "2p" for 2 pi.
- ────────────────End of View help. Press ESC to return to menu.────────────────
-